Sources
Sources
The full registry. Each entry says what kind of source it is, how much of it we read, when, and which pages rely on it.
Primary
Coumarin in Cinnamon, Cinnamon-Containing Foods and Licorice
Used only for the statement that Canada has no established tolerance. The survey figures on this page appear to carry a unit error (ppb) and are not used.
Used on: Coumarin in Cinnamon: What Is Measured, and What Is Regulated · Ceylon vs Saigon Cinnamon (and Cassia): What Actually Differs
[Niên giám Thống kê tỉnh Bình Phước 2024 (Bình Phước Statistical Yearbook 2024)]
Table 154, pp. 362–363: cashew planted area 148,239 ha, harvested area 145,043 ha, production 155,053 t in 2024 (preliminary); 2023: 149,647 ha and 195,257 t. Hosted by the Đồng Nai statistics office because Bình Phước merged into Đồng Nai on 1 July 2025.
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded
Quotes Ph. Eur. 11.0 for star anise fruit (≥ 70 mL/kg oil, ≥ 86.0% trans-anethole); GC–MS analysis of seven recent batches, all originating from China (Table 3), and GC-FID analysis of four batches against the specification (Table 2); “often used as a cheaper substitute for anise fruit”.
Used on: Star Anise · Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart · Where Does Star Anise Come From? · Anise vs Star Anise: Two Unrelated Plants, One Shared Compound
Coumarin in flavourings and other food ingredients with flavouring properties
The publisher returned 403. The TDI and its 2004 origin are cited through BfR and Lončar et al. (2020).
Used on: Coumarin in Cinnamon: What Is Measured, and What Is Regulated · Ceylon vs Saigon Cinnamon (and Cassia): What Actually Differs
§ 182.10 Spices and other natural seasonings and flavorings
Lists “Anise, star” and “Star anise” as Illicium verum Hook. f. No other Illicium species is listed. Read through the eCFR renderer API.
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
Quotes Ph. Eur. 7th edition for anise fruit and oil.
Used on: Where Does Star Anise Come From? · Anise vs Star Anise: Two Unrelated Plants, One Shared Compound
Assessment report on Foeniculum vulgare Miller, fructus (EMA/HMPC/240553/2016 Rev. 1)
Quotes Ph. Eur. 10th edition for sweet and bitter fennel.
Used on: Anise vs Star Anise: Two Unrelated Plants, One Shared Compound
Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008, Annex III Part B
Maximum levels of coumarin in foods made with cinnamon. EUR-Lex did not return content to automated access.
Used on: Coumarin in Cinnamon: What Is Measured, and What Is Regulated · Ceylon vs Saigon Cinnamon (and Cassia): What Actually Differs
[FAOSTAT Crops and livestock products: cashew nuts in shell, production quantity, 2024]
FAOSTAT returned a server error on 2026-10-07. Figures read from the table in Wikipedia “Cashew” (FAOSTAT accessed by its editors 7 June 2026): world 4,241,104 t; Côte d’Ivoire 944,673; India 794,910; Tanzania 528,262; Vietnam 306,185; Ghana 218,575. They match the shares USDA ERS gives in FTS-385 (22, 19, 12 and 7%).
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded · Where Do Cashews Come From?
Statistics of main exports by month: December, 2025
Preliminary. Row 3 “Cashew nut”: 2025 year to date 766,585 t, US$5,229,389,219 (+5.7% volume, +20.4% value on 2024).
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded · Where Do Cashews Come From?
Statistics of main exports by month: December, 2024
Preliminary. Row 3 “Cashew nut”: 2024 year to date 723,808 t, US$4,343,477,216. Later press figures for 2024 (about 730,000 t) differ; this is the customs preliminary.
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded
Statistics of main imports by month: December, 2025
Preliminary. Row 4 “Cashew nut”: 2025 year to date 2,941,858 t, US$4,491,821,290 (+17.7% volume, +39.3% value). The customs line does not split raw (in-shell) nuts from kernels; the ministry and trade press describe the imports as raw cashews.
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded · Where Do Cashews Come From?
geoBoundaries: Viet Nam ADM1 (gbOpen)
Public domain. Province shapes on every map; boundaries predate the July 2025 merger.
[Geographical Indications Registry record, application no. 120: Feni]
Applicant Goa Cashew Feni Distillers & Bottlers Association; class 33; status Registered; certificate 105 dated 5 March 2009; filed 19 December 2007; valid to 18 December 2027 (renewal check due then).
Used on: What Is a Cashew Apple?
FAQ on coumarin in cinnamon and other foods
Also the source for the date EU maximum levels began to apply (January 2011). Read together with BfR Health Assessment No. 043/2006.
Used on: Coumarin in Cinnamon: What Is Measured, and What Is Regulated · Ceylon vs Saigon Cinnamon (and Cassia): What Actually Differs
Title and status only. The standard is paid; its numeric limits are not reproduced here. ISO/FDIS 6538 has been at stage 50.00 since 2026-09-11.
Used on: What Is Vietnamese Cinnamon? Saigon Cinnamon From Tree to Trade · Cassia Cinnamon: Three Species, One Trade Name · Ceylon vs Saigon Cinnamon (and Cassia): What Actually Differs · What Tree Does Cinnamon Come From? The Vietnamese Tree, From Planting to Peeled Bark · Quảng Nam Cinnamon: Trà My and Its Geographical Indication · Yên Bái Cinnamon: Văn Yên, Trấn Yên and the 2010 GI
ISO 11178:1995 Star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.) — Specification
Reviewed and confirmed in 2024. Numeric limits not read (paid text).
Used on: Star Anise · Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart · Where Does Star Anise Come From? · Anise vs Star Anise: Two Unrelated Plants, One Shared Compound
The Food (Star Anise from Third Countries) (Emergency Control) (England) Order 2002 (SI 2002/334)
Made 14 February 2002, in force 16 February 2002. Defines Japanese star anise; sets the import conditions of Decision 2002/75/EC.
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
Cites Commission Decision 2003/602/EC (OJ L 204, 13.8.2003, p. 60), which repealed 2002/75/EC because its conditions were “no longer justified”. In force 9 October 2003. Decision 2003/602/EC itself was not read.
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
Hướng dẫn kỹ thuật trồng, chăm sóc, khai thác cây Quế (kèm Quyết định 14/QĐ-BNN-TCLN)
Technical guidance for growers: seed-source areas (III.1), harvest seasons (VI.2b), harvesting and bark grading (VIII), processing and packing (IX). Names the cultivated tree “Cinamomum cassia BL.” (sic).
Used on: What Is Vietnamese Cinnamon? Saigon Cinnamon From Tree to Trade · Cassia Cinnamon: Three Species, One Trade Name · What Tree Does Cinnamon Come From? The Vietnamese Tree, From Planting to Peeled Bark · Quảng Nam Cinnamon: Trà My and Its Geographical Indication · Yên Bái Cinnamon: Văn Yên, Trấn Yên and the 2010 GI
Trà My cinnamon geographical indication granted October 2011.
Used on: What Is Vietnamese Cinnamon? Saigon Cinnamon From Tree to Trade · Quảng Nam Cinnamon: Trà My and Its Geographical Indication · Yên Bái Cinnamon: Văn Yên, Trấn Yên and the 2010 GI
Hoa hồi — sản vật đặc trưng của xứ Lạng
Domestic geographical-indication protection in 2007; harvest timing in lunar months. Promotional claims about quality are not used.
Used on: Star Anise · Where Does Star Anise Come From? · Lạng Sơn: Vietnam’s Largest Star Anise Province
Tìm kiếm thị trường mới để cây hồi Lạng Sơn phát triển bền vững
Lạng Sơn area for 2023; EU protection under EVFTA.
Used on: Where Does Star Anise Come From? · Lạng Sơn: Vietnam’s Largest Star Anise Province
TCVN 4850:2010 Nhân hạt điều — Specification for Cashew kernels
Replaces TCVN 4850:1998. Definitions §3 (cashew apple as false fruit; CNSL main components anacardic acid and cardol), moisture ≤5% (§5.1.3), Table 2 grades W160–W500 with kernels per kg and per lb. Current validity not confirmed: the national standards register could not be read.
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded · What Is a Cashew Apple? · Where Do Cashews Come From?
Geographical indication protection of “Bình Phước” for cashew nut
Server refused the connection; read from a search excerpt only: Decision 673/QĐ-SHTT of 13 March 2018, GI certificate No. 00066. Re-check in a browser or in the IP Viet Nam register before printing the certificate number.
Nghị quyết 202/2025/QH15 về việc sắp xếp đơn vị hành chính cấp tỉnh
Yên Bái merged into Lào Cai; Quảng Nam into Đà Nẵng city; Kon Tum into Quảng Ngãi; Bắc Kạn into Thái Nguyên; Bình Phước into Đồng Nai (point 17; checked against the hoatieu.vn copy of the text on 2026-10-07). In force 1 July 2025.
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded · What Is a Cashew Apple? · Where Do Cashews Come From? · What Is Vietnamese Cinnamon? Saigon Cinnamon From Tree to Trade · What Tree Does Cinnamon Come From? The Vietnamese Tree, From Planting to Peeled Bark · Star Anise · Where Does Star Anise Come From? · Lạng Sơn: Vietnam’s Largest Star Anise Province · Quảng Nam Cinnamon: Trà My and Its Geographical Indication · Yên Bái Cinnamon: Văn Yên, Trấn Yên and the 2010 GI
Natural Earth 1:10m Admin 0 — Disputed Areas
Public domain. Island positions for Hoàng Sa and Trường Sa, as used on vietnameseiced.coffee.
EUR-Lex did not return the text to automated access. Title, date and OJ reference read on EFTA’s EEA-Lex record (“no longer in force”); the import conditions read in the UK orders that implemented it (SI 2002/334 and the explanatory note of SSI 2002/64).
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
Publication of geographical indications from Vietnam for consultation (2014/C 274/08)
Lists “Lạng Sơn — Star aniseed”.
Used on: Where Does Star Anise Come From? · Lạng Sơn: Vietnam’s Largest Star Anise Province
FDA Issues Advisory on Star Anise “Teas”
Chinese star anise GRAS “when used as a spice or flavoring”, Japanese star anise not GRAS and “should be used for decorative purposes only”; the two cannot be told apart visually once dried or processed; FDA evaluating chemical methods and monitoring imports; FDA “has not yet identified the specific type of star anise associated with the illnesses”. The original fda.gov address no longer serves the page.
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
Food with added coumarin is adulterated (order of 5 March 1954). Naturally occurring coumarin is not covered.
Used on: Coumarin in Cinnamon: What Is Measured, and What Is Regulated · Ceylon vs Saigon Cinnamon (and Cassia): What Actually Differs
21 CFR 182.10 — Spices and other natural seasonings and flavorings
Lists “Cassia, Saigon” and “Cinnamon, Saigon” as Cinnamomum loureirii Nees.
Used on: What Is Vietnamese Cinnamon? Saigon Cinnamon From Tree to Trade · Cassia Cinnamon: Three Species, One Trade Name · Ceylon vs Saigon Cinnamon (and Cassia): What Actually Differs · What Tree Does Cinnamon Come From? The Vietnamese Tree, From Planting to Peeled Bark · Quảng Nam Cinnamon: Trà My and Its Geographical Indication · Yên Bái Cinnamon: Văn Yên, Trấn Yên and the 2010 GI
[Lifting of the US trade embargo on Vietnam, 3 February 1994]
Used on: What Is Vietnamese Cinnamon? Saigon Cinnamon From Tree to Trade
Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, heading 0909
0909.61 / 0909.62 “Seeds of anise, badian, caraway or fennel; juniper berries”. Badian is star anise.
Used on: Anise vs Star Anise: Two Unrelated Plants, One Shared Compound
Fruit and Tree Nuts Outlook: July 2026
Section “Lower Import Volumes Pressure U.S. Cashew Market”, pp. 26–27. Vietnam 89% of US shelled-cashew import volume in 2022–2024 (India and Brazil 80% in 2000–2002); 2025 imports 277.3 million lb. Shares are by volume under HS 0801.32 (printed as “8001.32” in the report). ERS calls the shell oil “urushiol”; the scientific sources name anacardic acid and cardol.
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded · Where Do Cashews Come From?
TCVN 8852:2011 Hoa đại hồi (Illicium verum Hook. f.)
Scope and definition read; the table of physico-chemical limits is behind a paywall and not reproduced.
Used on: Star Anise · Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart · Where Does Star Anise Come From?
TCVN 8957:2011 (ISO 6538:1997) Quế Việt Nam, quế Indonesia, quế Trung Quốc
Identical adoption of ISO 6538:1997. Numeric limits not read (paid text).
Used on: What Is Vietnamese Cinnamon? Saigon Cinnamon From Tree to Trade · Cassia Cinnamon: Three Species, One Trade Name
Scientific
Kew taxon page with the POWO data: Species Plantarum (1753); native range “Trinidad to S. Tropical America”; tree of the seasonally dry tropical biome, up to 10 m; cashew apple is the thickened pedicel.
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded · What Is a Cashew Apple? · Where Do Cashews Come From?
Confusion of common names for toxic and edible “star anise” (Illicium) species
Title and citation read in the reference lists of GRIN-Global and PROSEA. The paper itself was not read.
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
[Shikimic acid supply for oseltamivir (Washam, EHP 2006)]
Roche’s move from extracting shikimic acid from star anise to E. coli fermentation.
Used on: Star Anise · Where Does Star Anise Come From?
Analysis of the neurotoxin anisatin in star anise by LC-MS/MS
Abstract read on PubMed (PMID 23802692). Official Food and Veterinary Control Authority of Geneva.
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
Small-scale cashew nut processing
Sections 1.2, 2.8, 3.2, 3.3: apple yield 8–10 times the weight of raw nuts; nut forms first, stalk then swells; harvest from the ground; apple keeps only 24 hours after picking; apple ripens before the nut; uses (juice, jam, wine in West Africa, feni in India). Its CNSL share is given as both 15% and 20–25% of the nut; not used for that figure. Health and vitamin statements in §3.3 are not used.
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded · What Is a Cashew Apple? · Where Do Cashews Come From?
Coumarins in Food and Methods of Their Determination
Table 4, “Coumarin content on cinnamon and cinnamon-containing foods”, read twice; values match.
Used on: Cassia Cinnamon: Three Species, One Trade Name · Coumarin in Cinnamon: What Is Measured, and What Is Regulated · Ceylon vs Saigon Cinnamon (and Cassia): What Actually Differs
Used for: Portuguese traders took the cashew to Mozambique and coastal India in the 16th century; apple size 5–11.25 cm; nut develops first; apple and nut fall together when ripe; fresh apples highly perishable; feni in Goa. The online sentence on native range is garbled (“native to and northeast Brazil”) and is not used.
Used on: What Is a Cashew Apple? · Where Do Cashews Come From?
One study, nine samples of three species.
Used on: Cassia Cinnamon: Three Species, One Trade Name · Coumarin in Cinnamon: What Is Measured, and What Is Regulated · Ceylon vs Saigon Cinnamon (and Cassia): What Actually Differs
Potential Biological Applications of Bio-Based Anacardic Acids and Their Derivatives
Composition only: natural CNSL about 60–65% anacardic acid, 15–20% cardol, 10% cardanol; heat-extracted (technical) CNSL about 60–65% cardanol; CNSL about 25% of the nut’s weight. The paper’s biological-activity content is not used.
Used on: Where Do Cashews Come From?
Abstract read on PubMed (PMID 16536563): TLC flavonoid pattern; anisatin as marker; LOD 1.2 and LOQ 3.9 µg/kg.
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
Abstract read on PubMed (PMID 19507874). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; pericarps of 8 Illicium species.
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
Abstract read; ranges as reproduced in Lončar et al. (2020), Table 4.
Used on: Coumarin in Cinnamon: What Is Measured, and What Is Regulated · Ceylon vs Saigon Cinnamon (and Cassia): What Actually Differs
Abstract read. Per-species coumarin values are taken from the review by Lončar et al. (2020), Table 4, which reproduces them.
Used on: What Is Vietnamese Cinnamon? Saigon Cinnamon From Tree to Trade · Cassia Cinnamon: Three Species, One Trade Name · Coumarin in Cinnamon: What Is Measured, and What Is Regulated · Ceylon vs Saigon Cinnamon (and Cassia): What Actually Differs · What Tree Does Cinnamon Come From? The Vietnamese Tree, From Planting to Peeled Bark
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
Abstract read on PubMed (PMID 22484123).
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
Abstract read on PubMed (PMID 23932223).
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
Abstract read on PubMed (PMID 23277152).
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
[Review of Illicium verum (Zou et al., Molecules 2023)]
China about 80% of world output; Guangxi over 90% of China’s output in 2018; Vietnam second.
Used on: Star Anise · Where Does Star Anise Come From? · Lạng Sơn: Vietnam’s Largest Star Anise Province
Field Survey of Cinnamon in Viet Nam
The authors write that the attribution of Yên Bái bark to C. cassia “might be suggested”; we report it as a suggestion, not a finding.
Used on: What Is Vietnamese Cinnamon? Saigon Cinnamon From Tree to Trade · Cassia Cinnamon: Three Species, One Trade Name · Coumarin in Cinnamon: What Is Measured, and What Is Regulated · Ceylon vs Saigon Cinnamon (and Cassia): What Actually Differs · What Tree Does Cinnamon Come From? The Vietnamese Tree, From Planting to Peeled Bark · Quảng Nam Cinnamon: Trà My and Its Geographical Indication · Yên Bái Cinnamon: Văn Yên, Trấn Yên and the 2010 GI
An epidemic of epileptic seizures after consumption of herbal tea
Article in Dutch; English title and abstract as given on PubMed. Used only for the regulatory sequence of September 2001 (withdrawal of the tea, anisatin confirmed by NMR).
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
Anisatin, a potent GABA antagonist, isolated from Illicium anisatum
Abstract read on PubMed (PMID 6974321). Used only for the fact that anisatin is isolated from I. anisatum.
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
Detection of Illicium anisatum as adulterant of Illicium verum
Abstract read on PubMed (PMID 19145553).
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
The page blocks automated access; accepted name and native range were read from a search excerpt of it and need a browser check.
Used on: What Is Vietnamese Cinnamon? Saigon Cinnamon From Tree to Trade · What Tree Does Cinnamon Come From? The Vietnamese Tree, From Planting to Peeled Bark
Native range “China (S. & W. Guangxi) to N. Vietnam”, read from a search excerpt; the page blocks automated access.
Used on: Star Anise · Where Does Star Anise Come From? · Anise vs Star Anise: Two Unrelated Plants, One Shared Compound · Lạng Sơn: Vietnam’s Largest Star Anise Province
Native range “SE. Türkiye to Central Israel, Cyprus”; annual. Read from a search excerpt.
Used on: Anise vs Star Anise: Two Unrelated Plants, One Shared Compound
Used on: Anise vs Star Anise: Two Unrelated Plants, One Shared Compound
Page blocks automated access (403). Native range and native-country list (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuela) read from a search excerpt; the same range is confirmed on Kew’s ColPlanta page.
Used on: Where Do Cashews Come From?
Fruit and seed description; how the fruit differs from I. verum; “Botanical drawings do not corroborate the morphological differences in the fruits”; does not occur naturally in South-East Asia; ornamental and cut-flower use in Japan.
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
Botany, cultivation, fresh-to-dry ratio, oil composition, China and Vietnam as the main producers. Production figures in this 1999 text are historical and not used as current.
Used on: Star Anise · Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart · Where Does Star Anise Come From? · Anise vs Star Anise: Two Unrelated Plants, One Shared Compound · Lạng Sơn: Vietnam’s Largest Star Anise Province
Plant form, fruit, growing countries “as listed in 1999”.
Used on: Where Does Star Anise Come From? · Anise vs Star Anise: Two Unrelated Plants, One Shared Compound
[Colour treatment of star anise fruit in Lạng Sơn (Dưỡng & Phương 2014)]
Three traditional colour-treatment methods; samples picked in September in Văn Quan.
Used on: Star Anise · Where Does Star Anise Come From? · Lạng Sơn: Vietnam’s Largest Star Anise Province
Tối ưu hóa ba yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến quá trình lên men chính ở rượu vang điều
DOI 10.22144/ctu.jvn.2019.104 (printed on the article; the DOI link itself was not tested). Introduction: in Vietnam cashew apples are discarded after the nut harvest; 8–10 t of apples per ~1 t of raw nuts; an estimated 2.4–3 million t discarded (citing Tran Nhat Nam et al. 2014); juice tannin 0.2–0.6% makes it astringent. Laboratory wine reached 12.1% v/v. A research result, not a commercial product. Vitamin and health statements not used.
Used on: What Is a Cashew Apple?
[Star anise production and trade in Lạng Sơn (Sáng & Nguyệt 2021)]
Four growing provinces; Lạng Sơn area and output 2017–2020 and district shares (from the Lạng Sơn Statistics Office). Does not say whether tonnes are fresh or dried.
Used on: Star Anise · Where Does Star Anise Come From? · Anise vs Star Anise: Two Unrelated Plants, One Shared Compound · Lạng Sơn: Vietnam’s Largest Star Anise Province
[Illicium entry, The Dispensatory of the United States of America (1918)]
A historical reference work. Used only for the description of the I. verum follicle tip: “an acute summit” tapering “to a nearly straight beak”.
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
Cashew Apple Fruit Growing in the Florida Home Landscape
US planting limited to extreme south Florida, Hawaii and Puerto Rico (frost-free); fallen fruit spoils within a day or two; commercially, roasting removes most shell oil before shelling. Publication date not shown on the page.
Used on: What Is a Cashew Apple? · Where Do Cashews Come From?
Synonym I. religiosum; Japanese name shikimi; native to Japan, South Korea and Taiwan; ornamental use.
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
Family Schisandraceae; native to China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan) and Vietnam; common names; uses.
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
Quy trình kỹ thuật thâm canh và ghép cải tạo vườn điều
Cashew is grown from Đà Nẵng southwards in three regions (Southeast, Central Highlands, South Central Coast); dry season of 4–6 months; first pruning right after harvest ends, in April–May (Southeast, Central Highlands) or June–July (South Central Coast); flowering in the January–April dry season.
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded · Where Do Cashews Come From?
Illicium verum — Agroforestree Database 4.0
Tree size, fruit structure, flowering age, yields, ecology, biological fruiting cycle.
Used on: Star Anise · Where Does Star Anise Come From? · Lạng Sơn: Vietnam’s Largest Star Anise Province
Industry
Indonesia is Vietnam’s largest cinnamon import market
Planted area “up to 180,000 hectares” and the main growing provinces.
Used on: What Is Vietnamese Cinnamon? Saigon Cinnamon From Tree to Trade · Quảng Nam Cinnamon: Trà My and Its Geographical Indication · Yên Bái Cinnamon: Văn Yên, Trấn Yên and the 2010 GI
Exports of star anise to Thailand have surged
2025 exports by volume, value and market.
Used on: Star Anise · Where Does Star Anise Come From? · Lạng Sơn: Vietnam’s Largest Star Anise Province
Specifications for Cashew Kernels
US trade specification, “Updated September 2023”. Count per kg / per lb for sizes 180, 210, 240, 320, 450; moisture 3–5%; quality classes; definitions of wholes, butts and splits.
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded
Entering the European market for cinnamon
ESA quality minima, ASTA cleanliness, certifications, market structure. Places Vietnamese cinnamon in the “Central Highlands”, which MARD’s list of growing areas does not support; that statement is not used.
Used on: What Is Vietnamese Cinnamon? Saigon Cinnamon From Tree to Trade · Cassia Cinnamon: Three Species, One Trade Name · Coumarin in Cinnamon: What Is Measured, and What Is Regulated · What Tree Does Cinnamon Come From? The Vietnamese Tree, From Planting to Peeled Bark
The European market potential for cashew nuts
Product description, INC production figures for 2024/2025 (world 5.29 Mt raw nuts; Cambodia 800,000 t; Vietnam 340,000 t), harvest timing by hemisphere, sun-drying to 8–10% moisture, the five processing steps, and Vietnam’s 2024 share of imports in the UK (90%), the Netherlands (75%), Germany (62%), France (63%), Spain (61%) and Italy (49%).
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded · What Is a Cashew Apple? · Where Do Cashews Come From?
Xuất khẩu quế đem lại 300 triệu USD
2025 exports, markets and imports, as reported by VPSA.
Used on: What Is Vietnamese Cinnamon? Saigon Cinnamon From Tree to Trade · What Tree Does Cinnamon Come From? The Vietnamese Tree, From Planting to Peeled Bark · Where Does Star Anise Come From? · Quảng Nam Cinnamon: Trà My and Its Geographical Indication · Yên Bái Cinnamon: Văn Yên, Trấn Yên and the 2010 GI
India as main market for Vietnamese star anise exports
National area about 40,000 ha and output above 16,000 t a year.
Used on: Where Does Star Anise Come From?
Secondary
Xuất khẩu điều lần đầu tiên vượt mốc 5 tỷ USD
Customs data for 2025: average export price US$6,822/t; China 172,700 t / US$1.115 billion; US 146,000 t / US$975.4 million (−24.1% volume, −15.5% value).
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded
Xuất nhập khẩu điều vượt 5,6 tỷ USD nhưng nhập siêu 400 triệu USD
Citing the Customs Department: 2025 cashew import origins by volume — Cambodia 32.9% (also of value), Côte d’Ivoire 25.3%, Nigeria 9.7%, Ghana 8%.
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded · Where Do Cashews Come From?
Đông Nam bộ: Giá điều cao, nông dân thu hàng trăm triệu đồng lợi nhuận
Late March 2025 is the main harvest in the Southeast; the Southeast has over 192,000 ha of cashew, 61% of the national area.
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded · Where Do Cashews Come From?
Vietnam Star Anise FOB Hanoi Holds Firm While Organic Eases Slightly
A commodity price report. Used only for: main harvest “late August to September” in 2026; Lạng Sơn “about 43,000 ha”, roughly 70% of the national area, 28,000 ha bearing, dried output 12,000–14,000 t a year. Gives no source for these figures. Prices are not used.
Used on: Where Does Star Anise Come From?
Những cây thuốc và vị thuốc Việt Nam — Cây quế
Botany only: which Cinnamomum species occur in Vietnam and the traditional curing of quế Thanh. The medicinal sections are not used.
Used on: What Is Vietnamese Cinnamon? Saigon Cinnamon From Tree to Trade · Cassia Cinnamon: Three Species, One Trade Name · What Tree Does Cinnamon Come From? The Vietnamese Tree, From Planting to Peeled Bark · Quảng Nam Cinnamon: Trà My and Its Geographical Indication
[Star anise production and exports in Vietnam and China (DTiNews)]
National and provincial areas, output, Lạng Sơn share, China output and January–May 2026 exports. The paper does not give its own sources for the production estimates.
Used on: Where Does Star Anise Come From? · Lạng Sơn: Vietnam’s Largest Star Anise Province
Vietnamese cassia (Cinnamomum loureiroi)
Trade-name history (Saigon as the port), João de Loureiro, bark oil range.
Used on: What Is Vietnamese Cinnamon? Saigon Cinnamon From Tree to Trade · Cassia Cinnamon: Three Species, One Trade Name · Ceylon vs Saigon Cinnamon (and Cassia): What Actually Differs · What Tree Does Cinnamon Come From? The Vietnamese Tree, From Planting to Peeled Bark
Văn Yên cinnamon geographical indication granted in 2010.
Used on: What Is Vietnamese Cinnamon? Saigon Cinnamon From Tree to Trade · Quảng Nam Cinnamon: Trà My and Its Geographical Indication · Yên Bái Cinnamon: Văn Yên, Trấn Yên and the 2010 GI
Phát triển bền vững cây hồi xứ Lạng
Lạng Sơn “more than 43,370 ha” of star anise, about 70% of the national area; over 28,000 ha bearing; dried output 7,500–16,000 t a year; one grower’s steam dryer raised capacity more than tenfold over manual drying (anecdote); GI “Quả hồi và tinh dầu hồi Lạng Sơn” since 2007; one of 39 Vietnamese GIs protected in the EU.
Used on: Where Does Star Anise Come From?
Ngành điều trước thách thức giữ vững “ngôi đầu bảng”
Reports Decision 431/QĐ-BNN-TT (26 January 2024): keep about 280,000–300,000 ha of cashew by 2030 (Southeast 170,000–180,000; Central Highlands 80,000–90,000; other provinces 10,000–30,000). The decision itself was not read.
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded
Xuất khẩu quế mang về hàng trăm triệu USD
2024 export figures read from a search excerpt; the page blocks automated access.
Used on: What Is Vietnamese Cinnamon? Saigon Cinnamon From Tree to Trade
AHPA updates adulterants guide for star anise
Trade-press report; the AHPA guidance itself was not read.
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
AHPA helps trade differentiate ‘true’ star anise from toxic Japanese variety
Trade-press report of AHPA adding identification methods for star anise to its Botanical Authentication Program. The AHPA documents were not read.
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
Cashew Tree: Source for Nuts, “Apples,” Even Brake Linings
Family Anacardiaceae, shared with poison ivy, mango and pistachio; shell resin chemically similar to that of poison ivy; apple is the swollen flower/fruit stalk; shell chemicals used in brake linings.
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded · What Is a Cashew Apple? · Where Do Cashews Come From?
Quế Trà Bồng — từ non cao đi khắp năm châu
Trà Bồng cinnamon geographical indication granted 23 November 2020.
Used on: What Is Vietnamese Cinnamon? Saigon Cinnamon From Tree to Trade · Quảng Nam Cinnamon: Trà My and Its Geographical Indication · Yên Bái Cinnamon: Văn Yên, Trấn Yên and the 2010 GI
Hạt điều Bình Phước được chứng nhận Chỉ dẫn địa lý
GI certificate announced 9 April 2018; covers raw cashew nuts, kernels and roasted salted cashews from Bình Phước; GI specification cites kernel recovery of not less than 30% by weight.
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded
Legislature approves mergers to reduce Vietnam’s cities, provinces to 34
Used on: Where Does Star Anise Come From? · Lạng Sơn: Vietnam’s Largest Star Anise Province
Cashew firms propose to expand raw material areas
Citing the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development: 314,000 ha planted in 2023 (−8,300 ha on 2022), 300,000 ha harvested, over 345,000 t; VINACAS: domestic output meets about 12% of processing needs. Its 2023 import figure is not used (conflicts with customs).
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded · Where Do Cashews Come From?
Cashew harvest begins in Bình Phước Province
Harvest begins in the early days of the lunar new year; most nuts ripen in early March if the weather holds; Bình Phước has over 152,000 ha, “nearly 50 per cent of the country’s total area”; districts Bù Gia Mập, Bù Đăng, Phú Riềng, Đồng Phú.
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded · Where Do Cashews Come From?
Cashew exports surpass $5 billion for the first time
China overtook the US as the largest market in 2025; domestic raw nuts meet “only about 10 per cent” of processing demand (attributed to industry insiders); imports mainly from Africa and Cambodia.
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded · Where Do Cashews Come From?
Lang Son grows anise in the organic direction for export
Lạng Sơn as the province with the largest star anise area and output.
Used on: Anise vs Star Anise: Two Unrelated Plants, One Shared Compound · Lạng Sơn: Vietnam’s Largest Star Anise Province
Sức vươn xa của loài hoa tám cánh ở xứ Lạng
Văn Quan area and harvest months. Publication date not shown on the page.
Used on: Star Anise · Where Does Star Anise Come From? · Lạng Sơn: Vietnam’s Largest Star Anise Province
Xuất khẩu điều tiếp tục “bùng nổ” vào đầu năm 2026
Citing the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment: 2025 imports of “more than 2.9 million tonnes of raw cashews (điều thô)” worth US$4.5 billion; top markets China, US, Netherlands.
Used on: Vietnamese Cashews: Where They Grow and How They Are Graded · Where Do Cashews Come From?
Vietnam strives to remain world’s biggest cinnamon exporter
2023 exports and VPSA’s market-share statements. “Largest exporter” is VPSA’s claim and is attributed as such.
Used on: What Is Vietnamese Cinnamon? Saigon Cinnamon From Tree to Trade
Used for names and history only, never for numbers.
Used on: What Is Vietnamese Cinnamon? Saigon Cinnamon From Tree to Trade · Cassia Cinnamon: Three Species, One Trade Name · Ceylon vs Saigon Cinnamon (and Cassia): What Actually Differs · Quảng Nam Cinnamon: Trà My and Its Geographical Indication
Bark description (Ceylon quills vs cassia bark), trade names. Used for description only.
Used on: Cassia Cinnamon: Three Species, One Trade Name · Ceylon vs Saigon Cinnamon (and Cassia): What Actually Differs · What Tree Does Cinnamon Come From? The Vietnamese Tree, From Planting to Peeled Bark
General description; Japanese star anise is toxic. Not used for numbers.
Used on: Where Does Star Anise Come From?
Used only for the incense use in Japan (“the dried and powdered leaves are burned as incense”). Replace with a primary source when one is found.
Used on: Japanese Star Anise vs Chinese Star Anise: How to Tell Them Apart
Used for the name (Portuguese caju from Tupi acajú) and for nuts being more widely traded than apples because the apple bruises easily. The Goa date range 1560–1565 carries a “citation needed” tag and is not used.
Used on: What Is a Cashew Apple? · Where Do Cashews Come From?
Commercial
[Vietnamese star anise export listings (Tridge, freshdi)]
Seller claims: autumn crop larger and better coloured than spring crop; one seller’s specification. Shown only as what sellers state.
Used on: Star Anise · Where Does Star Anise Come From?